React 與 React Native 的狀態管理 · 1.0
共享狀態。一個 Hook。搞定。
一行宣告一個 store,在任何元件中使用——不需要 Provider、action 或 reducer。元件只在選取的值改變時渲染,何時儲存由你決定。
npm install @kkwaenggwari/restate即時展示 — 真正的 restate store
useCart.set(cart => ({ ...cart, items: cart.items + 1, total: cart.total + 12 }))items 和 total 改變——三張卡片渲染,留言保持不動。
01 — 簡單
同樣的功能,更少的概念。
同一個任務的四種實作並排呈現。數字來自這裡顯示的程式碼,在建置本站時測量。
共享計數器
兩個元件讀取並更新同一個數字。
Redux Toolkit 把更新整理成 slice 與 action,並 dispatch 到透過 React context 提供的 store。 出色的 DevTools,以及適合大型團隊、嚴謹且可預測的更新流程。
Zustand 用 create() 建立 store Hook,用 setState 修改它。 極小又有彈性,提供持久化與 DevTools 的中介軟體。
Jotai 組合 atom 與衍生 atom,可選擇放在 Provider 中。 大量小型狀態之間的細緻相依關係。
import { configureStore, createSlice } from '@reduxjs/toolkit';
import { Provider, useDispatch, useSelector } from 'react-redux';
const slice = createSlice({
name: 'count',
initialState: 0,
reducers: { increment: (count) => count + 1 },
});
const store = configureStore({
reducer: { count: slice.reducer },
});
function Counter() {
const count = useSelector((state) => state.count);
const dispatch = useDispatch();
return <button onClick={() => dispatch(slice.actions.increment())}>{count}</button>;
}
export default function App() {
return (
<Provider store={store}>
<Counter />
<Counter />
</Provider>
);
}import { create } from 'zustand';
const useCount = create(() => ({ count: 0 }));
const increment = () =>
useCount.setState((s) => ({
count: s.count + 1,
}));
function Counter() {
const count = useCount((s) => s.count);
return <button onClick={increment}>{count}</button>;
}
export default function App() {
return (
<>
<Counter />
<Counter />
</>
);
}import { atom, useAtom } from 'jotai';
const countAtom = atom(0);
function Counter() {
const [count, setCount] = useAtom(countAtom);
return <button onClick={() => setCount((n) => n + 1)}>{count}</button>;
}
export default function App() {
return (
<>
<Counter />
<Counter />
</>
);
}restate 一個宣告既是 store,也是 Hook。
import { restate } from '@kkwaenggwari/restate';
const useCount = restate(0);
function Counter() {
const count = useCount();
return <button onClick={() => useCount.set((n) => n + 1)}>{count}</button>;
}
export default function App() {
return (
<>
<Counter />
<Counter />
</>
);
}在這個任務上,Zustand 和 Jotai 同樣輕巧、不需要 Provider。一旦牽涉到儲存與依文件區分的狀態,差距才會拉開。
選取一個欄位
只有內文改變時,標題元件不能渲染。
Redux Toolkit 把更新整理成 slice 與 action,並 dispatch 到透過 React context 提供的 store。 出色的 DevTools,以及適合大型團隊、嚴謹且可預測的更新流程。
Zustand 用 create() 建立 store Hook,用 setState 修改它。 極小又有彈性,提供持久化與 DevTools 的中介軟體。
Jotai 組合 atom 與衍生 atom,可選擇放在 Provider 中。 大量小型狀態之間的細緻相依關係。
import { configureStore, createSlice } from '@reduxjs/toolkit';
import { Provider, useSelector } from 'react-redux';
const article = createSlice({
name: 'article',
initialState: { title: 'Hello', body: '' },
reducers: {
editBody: (i) => {
i.body += '!';
},
editTitle: (i) => {
i.title += '!';
},
},
});
const store = configureStore({ reducer: article.reducer });
function Title() {
const title = useSelector((i) => i.title);
return <h3>{title}</h3>;
}
export default function App() {
return (
<Provider store={store}>
<Title />
<button onClick={() => store.dispatch(article.actions.editBody())}>body + !</button>
<button onClick={() => store.dispatch(article.actions.editTitle())}>title + !</button>
</Provider>
);
}import { create } from 'zustand';
const useArticle = create(() => ({ title: 'Hello', body: '' }));
function Title() {
const title = useArticle((i) => i.title);
return <h3>{title}</h3>;
}
export default function App() {
return (
<>
<Title />
<button
onClick={() =>
useArticle.setState((i) => ({
body: i.body + '!',
}))
}
>
body + !
</button>
<button
onClick={() =>
useArticle.setState((i) => ({
title: i.title + '!',
}))
}
>
title + !
</button>
</>
);
}import { atom, useAtomValue, useSetAtom } from 'jotai';
const articleAtom = atom({ title: 'Hello', body: '' });
const titleAtom = atom((get) => get(articleAtom).title);
function Title() {
const title = useAtomValue(titleAtom);
return <h3>{title}</h3>;
}
export default function App() {
const setArticle = useSetAtom(articleAtom);
return (
<>
<Title />
<button
onClick={() =>
setArticle((i) => ({
...i,
body: i.body + '!',
}))
}
>
body + !
</button>
<button
onClick={() =>
setArticle((i) => ({
...i,
title: i.title + '!',
}))
}
>
title + !
</button>
</>
);
}restate 把 selector 傳給你本來就在用的同一個 Hook。
import { restate } from '@kkwaenggwari/restate';
const useArticle = restate({ title: 'Hello', body: '' });
function Title() {
const title = useArticle((i) => i.title);
return <h3>{title}</h3>;
}
export default function App() {
return (
<>
<Title />
<button
onClick={() =>
useArticle.set((i) => ({
...i,
body: i.body + '!',
}))
}
>
body + !
</button>
<button
onClick={() =>
useArticle.set((i) => ({
...i,
title: i.title + '!',
}))
}
>
title + !
</button>
</>
);
}這裡的每個工具都能做選取。restate 用的是同一個 Hook 呼叫,而不是另外的 selector Hook 或衍生 atom。
儲存草稿
啟動時還原已儲存的草稿,點擊時儲存,並顯示儲存中、未儲存與失敗的狀態。
Redux Toolkit 把更新整理成 slice 與 action,並 dispatch 到透過 React context 提供的 store。 出色的 DevTools,以及適合大型團隊、嚴謹且可預測的更新流程。
Zustand 用 create() 建立 store Hook,用 setState 修改它。 極小又有彈性,提供持久化與 DevTools 的中介軟體。
Jotai 組合 atom 與衍生 atom,可選擇放在 Provider 中。 大量小型狀態之間的細緻相依關係。
import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
import { configureStore, createSlice } from '@reduxjs/toolkit';
import { Provider, useSelector } from 'react-redux';
function openDraftDB() {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const request = indexedDB.open('draft-example', 1);
let blocked = false;
request.onupgradeneeded = () => {
request.result.createObjectStore('drafts');
};
request.onblocked = () => {
blocked = true;
reject(new Error('Close other tabs to upgrade storage'));
};
request.onerror = () => reject(request.error);
request.onsuccess = () => {
const db = request.result;
if (blocked) {
db.close();
return;
}
db.onversionchange = () => db.close();
resolve(db);
};
});
}
async function storedDraft(mode, text) {
const db = await openDraftDB();
try {
return await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const tx = db.transaction('drafts', mode);
const store = tx.objectStore('drafts');
const request = mode === 'readonly' ? store.get('draft') : store.put(text, 'draft');
tx.oncomplete = () => resolve(request.result);
tx.onabort = () => reject(tx.error || new Error('Storage aborted'));
});
} finally {
db.close();
}
}
const draft = createSlice({
name: 'draft',
initialState: '',
reducers: { edit: (_, action) => action.payload },
});
const store = configureStore({ reducer: { draft: draft.reducer } });
const hydrated = storedDraft('readonly').then((saved) => {
if (saved === undefined) return;
if (typeof saved !== 'string') throw new Error('Invalid draft');
const value = saved;
store.dispatch(draft.actions.edit(value));
});
// Observe errors immediately, even before the component mounts.
hydrated.catch(() => {});
function DraftEditor() {
const text = useSelector((state) => state.draft);
const [ready, setReady] = useState(false);
const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false);
const [message, setMessage] = useState('Loading');
useEffect(() => {
let active = true;
hydrated.then(
() => {
if (active) {
setReady(true);
setMessage('Ready');
}
},
() => {
if (active) setMessage('Storage error');
},
);
return () => {
active = false;
};
}, []);
async function save() {
setSaving(true);
try {
await storedDraft('readwrite', store.getState().draft);
setMessage('Saved');
} catch {
setMessage('Save failed');
} finally {
setSaving(false);
}
}
return (
<>
<label>
Draft
<textarea
value={text}
disabled={!ready || saving}
onChange={(event) => {
const value = event.target.value;
store.dispatch(draft.actions.edit(value));
setMessage('Edited');
}}
/>
</label>
<output>{text}</output>
<button disabled={!ready || saving} onClick={save}>
Save
</button>
<p>{message}</p>
</>
);
}
export default function App() {
return (
<Provider store={store}>
<DraftEditor />
</Provider>
);
}import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
import { create } from 'zustand';
function openDraftDB() {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const request = indexedDB.open('draft-example', 1);
let blocked = false;
request.onupgradeneeded = () => {
request.result.createObjectStore('drafts');
};
request.onblocked = () => {
blocked = true;
reject(new Error('Close other tabs to upgrade storage'));
};
request.onerror = () => reject(request.error);
request.onsuccess = () => {
const db = request.result;
if (blocked) {
db.close();
return;
}
db.onversionchange = () => db.close();
resolve(db);
};
});
}
async function storedDraft(mode, text) {
const db = await openDraftDB();
try {
return await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const tx = db.transaction('drafts', mode);
const store = tx.objectStore('drafts');
const request = mode === 'readonly' ? store.get('draft') : store.put(text, 'draft');
tx.oncomplete = () => resolve(request.result);
tx.onabort = () => reject(tx.error || new Error('Storage aborted'));
});
} finally {
db.close();
}
}
const useDraft = create(() => ({ text: '' }));
const hydrated = storedDraft('readonly').then((saved) => {
if (saved === undefined) return;
if (typeof saved !== 'string') throw new Error('Invalid draft');
const value = saved;
useDraft.setState({ text: value });
});
// Observe errors immediately, even before the component mounts.
hydrated.catch(() => {});
function DraftEditor() {
const text = useDraft((state) => state.text);
const [ready, setReady] = useState(false);
const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false);
const [message, setMessage] = useState('Loading');
useEffect(() => {
let active = true;
hydrated.then(
() => {
if (active) {
setReady(true);
setMessage('Ready');
}
},
() => {
if (active) setMessage('Storage error');
},
);
return () => {
active = false;
};
}, []);
async function save() {
setSaving(true);
try {
await storedDraft('readwrite', useDraft.getState().text);
setMessage('Saved');
} catch {
setMessage('Save failed');
} finally {
setSaving(false);
}
}
return (
<>
<label>
Draft
<textarea
value={text}
disabled={!ready || saving}
onChange={(event) => {
const value = event.target.value;
useDraft.setState({ text: value });
setMessage('Edited');
}}
/>
</label>
<output>{text}</output>
<button disabled={!ready || saving} onClick={save}>
Save
</button>
<p>{message}</p>
</>
);
}
export default function App() {
return <DraftEditor />;
}import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
import { atom, createStore, useAtomValue } from 'jotai';
function openDraftDB() {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const request = indexedDB.open('draft-example', 1);
let blocked = false;
request.onupgradeneeded = () => {
request.result.createObjectStore('drafts');
};
request.onblocked = () => {
blocked = true;
reject(new Error('Close other tabs to upgrade storage'));
};
request.onerror = () => reject(request.error);
request.onsuccess = () => {
const db = request.result;
if (blocked) {
db.close();
return;
}
db.onversionchange = () => db.close();
resolve(db);
};
});
}
async function storedDraft(mode, text) {
const db = await openDraftDB();
try {
return await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const tx = db.transaction('drafts', mode);
const store = tx.objectStore('drafts');
const request = mode === 'readonly' ? store.get('draft') : store.put(text, 'draft');
tx.oncomplete = () => resolve(request.result);
tx.onabort = () => reject(tx.error || new Error('Storage aborted'));
});
} finally {
db.close();
}
}
const draftAtom = atom('');
const store = createStore();
const hydrated = storedDraft('readonly').then((saved) => {
if (saved === undefined) return;
if (typeof saved !== 'string') throw new Error('Invalid draft');
const value = saved;
store.set(draftAtom, value);
});
// Observe errors immediately, even before the component mounts.
hydrated.catch(() => {});
function DraftEditor() {
const text = useAtomValue(draftAtom, { store });
const [ready, setReady] = useState(false);
const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false);
const [message, setMessage] = useState('Loading');
useEffect(() => {
let active = true;
hydrated.then(
() => {
if (active) {
setReady(true);
setMessage('Ready');
}
},
() => {
if (active) setMessage('Storage error');
},
);
return () => {
active = false;
};
}, []);
async function save() {
setSaving(true);
try {
await storedDraft('readwrite', store.get(draftAtom));
setMessage('Saved');
} catch {
setMessage('Save failed');
} finally {
setSaving(false);
}
}
return (
<>
<label>
Draft
<textarea
value={text}
disabled={!ready || saving}
onChange={(event) => {
const value = event.target.value;
store.set(draftAtom, value);
setMessage('Edited');
}}
/>
</label>
<output>{text}</output>
<button disabled={!ready || saving} onClick={save}>
Save
</button>
<p>{message}</p>
</>
);
}
export default function App() {
return <DraftEditor />;
}restate persistedRestate 會自動還原,useStatus 會回報儲存進度、未儲存的修改與錯誤。
import { persistedRestate } from '@kkwaenggwari/restate';
const useDraft = persistedRestate('', {
key: 'draft',
validate: (value) => typeof value === 'string',
});
export default function App() {
const text = useDraft();
const { dirty, operation, error } = useDraft.useStatus();
const saving = operation === 'save';
const message = error ? 'Save failed' : saving ? 'Saving…' : dirty ? 'Edited' : 'Saved';
return (
<>
<label>
Draft
<textarea value={text} onChange={(event) => useDraft.set(event.target.value)} />
</label>
<output>{text}</output>
<button disabled={saving} onClick={() => useDraft.save().catch(() => {})}>
Save
</button>
<p>{message}</p>
</>
);
}其他版本都手寫了相同的 IndexedDB 程式碼。它們的持久化中介軟體或儲存工具可以靠轉接器縮短程式碼,但這裡沒有計入那部分程式碼。
依文件區分的狀態
兩份文件各自保有獨立的狀態,關閉其中一份就會釋放它。
Redux Toolkit 把更新整理成 slice 與 action,並 dispatch 到透過 React context 提供的 store。 出色的 DevTools,以及適合大型團隊、嚴謹且可預測的更新流程。
Zustand 用 create() 建立 store Hook,用 setState 修改它。 極小又有彈性,提供持久化與 DevTools 的中介軟體。
Jotai 組合 atom 與衍生 atom,可選擇放在 Provider 中。 大量小型狀態之間的細緻相依關係。
import { useState } from 'react';
import { configureStore, createSlice } from '@reduxjs/toolkit';
import { Provider, useSelector } from 'react-redux';
const draft = createSlice({
name: 'draft',
initialState: '',
reducers: { edit: (_, action) => action.payload },
});
const selectionSlice = createSlice({
name: 'selection',
initialState: 0,
reducers: { next: (index) => index + 1 },
});
function createDocument() {
return {
store: configureStore({
reducer: {
draft: draft.reducer,
selection: selectionSlice.reducer,
},
}),
};
}
function Document({ doc, name }) {
const text = useSelector((state) => state.draft);
const selection = useSelector((state) => state.selection);
return (
<section>
<label>
{name}
<input
value={text}
onChange={(event) => doc.store.dispatch(draft.actions.edit(event.target.value))}
/>
</label>
<output>{text}</output>
<button onClick={() => doc.store.dispatch(selectionSlice.actions.next())}>
Selection: {selection}
</button>
</section>
);
}
function DocumentSlot({ name }) {
const [doc] = useState(createDocument);
return (
<Provider store={doc.store}>
<Document doc={doc} name={name} />
</Provider>
);
}
export default function App() {
const [leftOpen, setLeftOpen] = useState(true);
return (
<>
<button onClick={() => setLeftOpen((open) => !open)}>
{leftOpen ? 'Close left' : 'Open left'}
</button>
{leftOpen && <DocumentSlot name="Left" />}
<DocumentSlot name="Right" />
</>
);
}import { useState } from 'react';
import { useStore } from 'zustand';
import { createStore } from 'zustand/vanilla';
function createDocument() {
return {
draft: createStore(() => ({ text: '' })),
selection: createStore(() => ({ index: 0 })),
};
}
function Document({ doc, name }) {
const text = useStore(doc.draft, (state) => state.text);
const selection = useStore(doc.selection, (state) => state.index);
return (
<section>
<label>
{name}
<input
value={text}
onChange={(event) => doc.draft.setState({ text: event.target.value })}
/>
</label>
<output>{text}</output>
<button onClick={() => doc.selection.setState((s) => ({ index: s.index + 1 }))}>
Selection: {selection}
</button>
</section>
);
}
function DocumentSlot({ name }) {
const [doc] = useState(createDocument);
return <Document doc={doc} name={name} />;
}
export default function App() {
const [leftOpen, setLeftOpen] = useState(true);
return (
<>
<button onClick={() => setLeftOpen((open) => !open)}>
{leftOpen ? 'Close left' : 'Open left'}
</button>
{leftOpen && <DocumentSlot name="Left" />}
<DocumentSlot name="Right" />
</>
);
}import { useState } from 'react';
import { atom, createStore, useAtomValue } from 'jotai';
const draftAtom = atom('');
const selectionAtom = atom(0);
function createDocument() {
return { store: createStore() };
}
function Document({ doc, name }) {
const text = useAtomValue(draftAtom, { store: doc.store });
const selection = useAtomValue(selectionAtom, { store: doc.store });
return (
<section>
<label>
{name}
<input value={text} onChange={(event) => doc.store.set(draftAtom, event.target.value)} />
</label>
<output>{text}</output>
<button onClick={() => doc.store.set(selectionAtom, (n) => n + 1)}>
Selection: {selection}
</button>
</section>
);
}
function DocumentSlot({ name }) {
const [doc] = useState(createDocument);
return <Document doc={doc} name={name} />;
}
export default function App() {
const [leftOpen, setLeftOpen] = useState(true);
return (
<>
<button onClick={() => setLeftOpen((open) => !open)}>
{leftOpen ? 'Close left' : 'Open left'}
</button>
{leftOpen && <DocumentSlot name="Left" />}
<DocumentSlot name="Right" />
</>
);
}restate useRestateScope 建立 store,並在卸載後銷毀它們。
import { useState } from 'react';
import { restate, useRestateScope } from '@kkwaenggwari/restate';
function Document({ name }) {
const doc = useRestateScope((scope) => ({
useDraft: restate('', { scope }),
useSelection: restate(0, { scope }),
}));
const text = doc.useDraft();
const selection = doc.useSelection();
return (
<section>
<label>
{name}
<input value={text} onChange={(event) => doc.useDraft.set(event.target.value)} />
</label>
<output>{text}</output>
<button onClick={() => doc.useSelection.set((n) => n + 1)}>Selection: {selection}</button>
</section>
);
}
export default function App() {
const [leftOpen, setLeftOpen] = useState(true);
return (
<>
<button onClick={() => setLeftOpen((open) => !open)}>
{leftOpen ? 'Close left' : 'Open left'}
</button>
{leftOpen && <Document name="Left" />}
<Document name="Right" />
</>
);
}Jotai 的 Provider 或 store、Zustand 的 vanilla store 也能隔離狀態,但需要你自己建立並連接。
這些數字怎麼算
計算的是所示程式碼的非空白行數,以及從各狀態函式庫匯入的名稱數量(不計 React 的匯入)。每個版本都以相同的儲存空間、載入和錯誤狀態渲染相同的 UI。restate 範例假設應用程式進入點已執行 await restateManager.ready。原始碼已對照各專案的官方文件確認:
- Redux Toolkit — Redux Toolkit · Quick Start, React Redux · useSelector, Redux Toolkit · configureStore. 當一份可稽核的 action 紀錄與龐大的中介軟體生態系最重要時選擇它
- Zustand — Zustand · Introduction, Zustand · persist. 當你想要最小的核心、喜歡組合中介軟體時選擇它
- Jotai — Jotai · atom, Jotai · Storage, Jotai · Provider. 當你的狀態天生就是一張由小型衍生值構成的圖時選擇它
02 — 快速
只渲染有變化的部分,只寫入一次。
兩個面板都在瀏覽器中執行真正的 restate 套件。點一點、打打字,看看計數器。
渲染地圖
用兩種方式讀取同樣的四個欄位。改一個欄位,數一數渲染次數。
- 名稱
- 主題
- 計數
- 草稿
- 名稱
- 主題
- 計數
- 草稿
合併寫入
autoSave 會等輸入停頓後才寫入一次。連續呼叫 save() 會共用佇列中的同一次寫入。
persistedRestate('', { key: 'note', autoSave: { delayMs: 400 } });次數來自本頁真實的 React 渲染,以及一個會計數的儲存轉接器。其他函式庫也能選取值;在 restate 中,選取就是讀取值的方式。
- 01
儲存依序執行
每個 store 依序執行自己的儲存操作,所以緩慢的儲存絕不會讓舊值覆寫新值。
save() · restore() - 02
排隊中的儲存會寫入最新的值
在另一次儲存排隊時呼叫 save(),會併入那次儲存,而不是疊加更多寫入。
save(): Promise<T> - 03
尚未讀取的紀錄不會被意外覆寫
如果某筆紀錄載入失敗,autoSave 和批次儲存不會動它,並回報 LOAD_FAILED。只有明確呼叫 save() 才能取代它。
LOAD_FAILED - 04
即使卸載,儲存也會完成
卸載前要求的儲存會完成。之後對已銷毀 store 的寫入會被忽略,就像卸載後的 React state 一樣。
useRestateScope - 05
沒有儲存空間?應用程式照樣啟動
在伺服器端渲染或儲存空間被封鎖時,store 會繼續在記憶體中運作,並回報儲存空間無法使用。
status().available - 06
錯誤會說明是什麼、在哪裡
每個 restate 錯誤都帶有具型別的代碼與對應紀錄的 key,方便你顯示合適的訊息。
error.code · error.key
與應用程式一起成長
只改宣告,元件不變。
儲存、自動儲存和驗證都是同一個 store 的選項。右邊的元件始終不變。
記憶體
記憶體中的共享值。
import { restate } from '@kkwaenggwari/restate'; export const useDraft = restate('');持久化
自動還原;呼叫 save() 時寫入。
import { persistedRestate } from '@kkwaenggwari/restate'; export const useDraft = persistedRestate('', { key: 'draft' });自動儲存
輸入停頓 500 ms 後寫入一次。
import { persistedRestate } from '@kkwaenggwari/restate'; export const useDraft = persistedRestate('', { key: 'draft', autoSave: { delayMs: 500 }, });附驗證
舊紀錄在使用前會先遷移並檢查。
import { persistedRestate } from '@kkwaenggwari/restate'; export const useDraft = persistedRestate('', { key: 'draft', autoSave: { delayMs: 500 }, version: 2, migrate: (value) => String(value ?? ''), validate: (value) => typeof value === 'string', });
元件 — 每一步都不變
function Editor() {
const text = useDraft();
return <textarea value={text} onChange={(event) => useDraft.set(event.target.value)} />;
}React 能跑的地方它都能跑
一個套件,涵蓋所有 React 環境。
react >=16.8.0React
支援 React 16.8 以上版本,瀏覽器和伺服器端渲染都能用。
react-native-mmkv >=2.0.0React Native
import 完全相同。安裝 react-native-mmkv 後,儲存會使用 MMKV。
SSR伺服器端渲染
元件擁有的 store 從 props 取得伺服器快照,並在 hydration 之後開始載入。
index.d.tsTypeScript
內建型別宣告。selector、狀態欄位和錯誤代碼都有型別。
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